第二节 中轴骨骼
中轴骨骼 axial skeleton
（一）躯干骨
脊柱 vertebral column
[脊柱]颈曲 cervical curvature of vertebral column
[脊柱]胸曲 thoracic curvature of vertebral column
[脊柱]腰曲 lumbar curvature of vertebral column
[脊柱]骶曲 sacral curvature of vertebral column
25 椎骨 vertebra
26 椎体 vertebral body
27 椎弓 vertebral arch
28 椎弓根 pedicle of vertebral arch
29 椎弓板 lamina of vertebral arch
椎上切迹 superior vertebral notch
椎下切迹 inferior vertebral notch
30 [脊柱]椎间孔 intervertebral foramen
31 椎孔 vertebral foramen
32 椎管 vertebral canal
33 棘突 spinous process
35 横突 transverse process
37 上关节突 superior articular process
38 下关节突 inferior articular process
颈椎 cervical vertebra
39 椎体钩 uncinate process of vertebral body
40 横突孔 foramen transversarium
41 寰椎 atlas
42 寰椎侧块 lateral mass of atlas
43 枢椎 axis
44 齿突 dens, odontoid process of axis
45 隆椎 vertebra prominens
胸椎 thoracic vertebra
46 上肋凹 superior costal foveae
47 下肋凹 inferior costal fovea
48 横突肋凹 transverse costal facet
腰椎 lumbar vertebra
49 骶骨 sacrum, sacral bone
50 骶椎 sacral vertebra
51 [骶骨]岬 promontory of sacrum
52 [骶骨]耳状面 auricular surface of sacrum
53 骶粗隆 sacral tuberosity
55 [骶骨]上关节突 superior articular process of sacrum
56 横线 transverse line, transverse ridge
57 骶前孔 anterior sacral foramen
58 骶后孔 posterior sacral foramen
59 骶正中嵴 median sacral crest
60 骶中间嵴 intermediate sacral crest
61 骶外侧嵴 lateral sacral crest
62 骶管 sacral canal
63 骶管裂孔 sacral hiatus
65 骶角 sacral horn
66 尾骨 coccyx
67 尾椎 coccygeal vertebra
68 尾骨角 cornu of coccyx
（三）肋
1 肋 rib
肋骨 costal bone
肋软骨 costal cartilage
2 肋弓 costal arch
3 肋头 costal head
5 肋颈 costal neck
6 肋体 shaft of rib
7 肋结节 costal tubercle
8 肋角 costal angle
肋切迹 costal notch, angle of rib notch
9 肋沟 costal groove, costal sulcus
（二）胸骨
（10）胸骨 sternum
11 胸骨柄 manubrium sterni
12 颈静脉切迹 jugular notch
13 锁切迹 clavicular notch
14 胸骨角 sternal angle
15 胸骨体 body of sternum
16 剑突 xiphoid process
17 肋切迹 costal notch
（一）脑颅

脑颅 cerebralcraniumneurocranium
颅腔 cranialcavity

额骨
额骨 frontalbone
额鳞 frontalsquama
额结节 frontaltuber
眉弓 superciliaryarch
眉间 glabella
眶上切迹 supraorbitalnotchsu
praorbitalincisure
眶上孔 supraorbitalforamen
额切迹 frontalnotch
额孔 frontalforamen
颧突 zygomaticprocess
颞线 temporalline
额嵴 frontalcrest
额窦 frontalsinus
额嘴 frontalbeak
筛骨
鼻部 nasalpart
筛骨 ethmoidbone
筛板 ethmoidplate
筛孔 cribriformforamina
鸡冠 cristagalli
垂直板 perpendicularlamina
筛骨迷路 ethmoidallabyrinth
筛窦 ethmoidalsinuses
眶板 orbitalplate
上鼻甲 superiornasalconcha
上鼻道 superiornasalmeatus
中鼻甲 middlenasalconcha
中鼻道 middlenasalmeatus
钩突 uncinateprocess
筛漏斗 ethmoidalinfundibulum
半月裂孔 semilunarth hiatus
蝶骨
蝶骨 sphenoidbone
蝶骨体 bodyofsphenoid
蝶鞍 sellaturcica
蝶嵴 jugumsphenoidale
垂体窝 hypophysialfossa
鞍结节 tuberculumsellae
后床突 posteriorclinoidprocess
颈动脉沟 carotidsulcus
蝶窦 sphenoidalsinus
蝶骨小翼 lesserwingofsphenoidbone
视神经管 opticcanal
前床突 anteriorclinoidprocess
前床突 anteriorclinoidprocess
蝶骨大翼 greaterwingofsphenoid
圆孔 foramenrotundum
蝶骨眶面 orbitalsurfaceofsphenoidbone
卵圆孔 foramenovale
棘孔 foramenspinosum
蝶骨翼突 pterygoidprocessofsphenoidbone
翼突外侧板 lateralpterygoidplate
翼突内侧板 medialpterygoidplate
翼管 pterygoidcanal
翼腭窝 pterygopalatinefossaofsphe
noidbone
翼钩 pterygoidhamulus
翼管 pterygoidcanal
颞骨
颞骨 temporalbone
颞骨岩部 petrouspartoftemporalbone
鳞部 squamouspartoftemporalbone
颞骨乳突 mastoidprocessoftemporalbone
乙状窦沟 sulcusforsigmoidsinus
颈动脉管 carotidcanal
弓状隆起 arcuateeminence
鼓室盖 tegmen tympani
岩大神经沟 sulcusforgreaterpetrosalnerve
岩小神经沟 sulcusforlesserpetrosalnerve
三叉神经压迹 trigeminalimpression
关节结节 articulartubercle
关节窝 mandibularfossa
内耳门 internalacousticpore
内耳道 internalacousticmeatus
颈静脉窝 jugularfossa
茎突 styloidprocessoftemporalbone
茎乳孔 stylomastoidforamen
鼓室 tympaniccavity
面神经管 canalforfacialnerve
面神经管膝 geniculumoffacialcanal
外耳道 externalacousticmeatus
外耳门 externalacousticpore
颞面 temporalsurface
颧骨颞突 zygomaticprocessoftemporalbone
下颌窝 mandibularfossa
颞骨关节面 articularsurfaceoftemporalbone
关节结节 articulartubercle
蜗水管 aqueductofcochlea
蜗水管内口 internalapertureofcochlearaqueduct
蜗水管外口 externalapertureofcochlearaqueduct
前庭水管 vestibularaqueduct
前庭水管内口 internalapertureofvestibularaqueduct
前庭水管外口 externalapertureofvestibularaqueduct
鼓室小管 tympaniccanaliculus
鼓索小管 canaliculusforchordatympani
顶骨
顶骨 parietalbone
枕骨
枕骨 occipitalbone
枕骨大孔 foramenmagnumofoccipitalbone
舌下神经管 hypoglossalcanal
髁管 condylarcanal
髁窝 condylarfossa
髁管 condylarcanal
髁窝 condylarfossa
颈静脉结节 jugulartubercle
颈静脉突 jugularprocess
颈静脉切迹 jugularnotch
枕髁 condylusoccipitalis
枕外隆凸 externaloccipitalprotuberance
枕外嵴 externaloccipitalcrest
上项线 superiornuchalline
下项线 inferiornuchalline
枕鳞 occipitalsquama
枕内隆凸 internaloccipitalprotuberance
枕内嵴 internaloccipitalcrest
横窦沟 sulcusfortransversesinus

（二）面颅骨

9. 颧骨 21 面颅骨 boneoffacialcranium

颧骨 zygomaticbone

22 颧骨颞突 temporalprocessofzygomaticbone

23 颧骨额突 frontalprocessofzygomaticbone

8. 下鼻甲 25 下鼻甲 inferiornasalconcha

9. 泪骨 26 泪骨 lacrimalbone

7. 鼻骨 28 泪后嵴 posteriorlacrimalcrest

29 泪钩 lacrimalhamulus

6. 鼻骨 30 鼻骨 nasalbone

上颌骨 31 上颌骨 maxilla

32 额突 frontalprocess

33 眶下沟 infraorbitalgroove

34 眶下管 infraorbitalcanal

35 眶下孔 infraorbitalforamen

36 牙槽孔 alveolarforamen

37 上颌窦裂孔 maxillaryhiatus

38 上颌窦 maxillarysinus

39 额突 frontalprocess

40 腭突 palatineprocess

41 上颌骨颧突 zygomaticprocess

42 上颌骨牙槽突 alveolarprocessofmaxilla

上颌骨牙槽轭 jugalsveolarofmaxilla

5. 腭骨 43 腭骨 palatinebone

44 腭骨垂直板 perpendicularplateofpalatinebone

45 腭骨水平板 horizontalplateofpalatinebone

46 蝶腭切迹 sphenopalatinenotch

47 腭骨锥突 pterygoidprocessofpalatinebone

48 腭骨眶突 orbitalprocessofpalatinebone

49 腭骨蝶突 sphenoidalprocessofpalatinebone

50 腭小孔 lesserpalatineforamina

51 腭大孔 greaterpalatineforamen

52 腭大沟 greaterpalatinesulcus

1. 下颌骨 53 下颌骨 mandible

54 下颌骨体 bodyofmandible

55 下颌底 baseofmandible

56 颏孔 mentalforamen

57 颏嵴 mentalspine

58 下颌舌骨线 mylohyoidline

59 下颌角 angleofmandible

60 咬肌粗隆 masseterictuberosity

61 下颌孔 mandibularforamen

62 下颌小舌 mandibularlingula

63 下颌管 mandibularcanal

64 下颌骨冠突 coronoidprocessofmandible

65 下颌骨髁突 condylarprocessofmandible

66 下颌头 headofmandible

67 下颌颈 neckofmandible

68 下颌切迹 mandibularnotch

2. 舌骨 69 舌骨 hyoidbone

70 舌骨体 bodyofhyoidbone

71 舌骨小角 lessercornuofhyoidbone

72 舌骨大角 greatercornuofhyoidbone

（三）颅的整体观

1. 颅前窝 anteriorcranialfossa

2. 颅中窝 middlecranialfossa

3. 颅后窝 posteriorcranialfossa

4. 上矢状窦沟 sulcusforsuperiorsagittalsinus

5. 颗粒小凹 granularfoveolae

6. 颈静脉孔 jugularforamen

7. 破裂孔 foramenlacerum

8. 骨腭 bony palate

9. 腭大沟 greaterpalatinesulcus

10. 腭大孔 greaterpalatineforamen

11. 切牙窝 incisivefossa

12. 切牙管 incisivecanal

13. 切牙孔 incisiveforamen

14. 颅前窝 anteriorcranialfossa

15. 颅中窝 middlecranialfossa

16. 颅后窝 posteriorcranialfossa

17. 斜坡 clivus

18. 蝶骨 sphenoidbone

19. 眶上壁 superiororbitalwall

20. 眶下壁 inferiororbitalwall

21. 眶内侧壁 medialwalloforbit

22. 眶外侧壁 lateralwalloforbit

23. 泪囊窝 fossaforlacrimalsac

24. 眶上裂 superiororbitalfissure

25. 眶下裂 inferiororbitalfissure

26. 梨状孔 piriformaperture

27. 骨性鼻后孔 bonyposteriornasalapertures

28. 上鼻甲 superiornasalconcha

29. 中鼻甲 middlenasalconcha

30. 下鼻甲 inferiornasalconcha

31. 鼻泪管 nasolacrimalcanal

32. 蝶腭孔 sphenopalatineforamen

33. 颞下窝 infratemporalfossa

34. 翼腭窝 pterygopalatinefossa

35. 颞窝 temporal fossa

36. 颧弓 zygomaticarch

38. 翼腭窝 pterygopalatinefossa

39. 颅囟 cranialfontanelles

40. 前囟 anteriorfontanelle

41. 后囟 posteriorfontanelle

42. 前外侧囟 anterolateralfontanelle

43. 后外侧囟 posterolateralfontanelle

44. 鼻旁窦 paranasalsinuses

45. 上颌窦 maxillarysinus

46. 额窦 frontalsinus

47. 蝶窦 sphenoidalsinus

48. 筛窦 ethmoidalsinus

49. 额骨 frontalbone

50. 颅前囟 anteriorcranialfontanelle

51. 枕骨 occipitalbone

52. 枕外隆凸 externaloccipitalprotuberance